Kenya’s roads play a pivotal role in driving the country’s economic growth by facilitating trade, travel, and commerce. However, maintaining and expanding this critical infrastructure requires significant financial resources. The Kenyan government, therefore, plans to introduce toll charges on major highways in Nairobi and Mombasa to sustainably finance these roads. This move, while met with mixed reactions, is designed to ensure better roads, shorter commute times, and enhanced connectivity.
Why Toll Highways?
The implementation of tolls on highways is not an isolated phenomenon. Around the world, governments use tolls to finance road infrastructure. In Kenya, toll charges are re-emerging as a solution to critical funding gaps in infrastructure projects. With a growing population and increased vehicle ownership, Kenya’s roads face pressure, leading to higher maintenance and expansion costs.
The Road Maintenance Levy Fund (RMLF), established to support road infrastructure financing, has been insufficient to meet these rising demands. Currently funded by a levy of Ksh 25 per liter of petrol and diesel, the fund cannot cover the Ksh 1.29 trillion required for road projects over the next five years. Tolling major highways provides an alternative revenue stream that ensures roads remain in excellent condition without further strain on national finances.
Key Highways Identified for Tolling
The government has identified several highways and bypasses for tolling, all strategically significant for Nairobi and Mombasa. These include:
1. Thika Superhighway
As one of Kenya’s busiest highways, Thika Road connects Nairobi to Central Kenya. It is a critical economic artery, facilitating trade and transport between counties. With its high traffic volumes, it is among the primary candidates for tolling.
2. Southern Bypass
The Southern Bypass provides a convenient route around Nairobi’s southern outskirts, helping to decongest the Central Business District (CBD). Tolling this bypass ensures its upkeep, especially as its usage continues to rise.
3. Eastern and Northern Bypasses
The Eastern Bypass links Mombasa Road to Thika Road, while the Northern Bypass connects Limuru Road to Thika Road. These roads are crucial for commuters and freight traffic looking to avoid Nairobi’s inner-city congestion.
4. Western Bypass
The Western Bypass completes the ring of bypasses around Nairobi, providing seamless connectivity to key suburbs. With its growing importance, tolls will ensure this road remains a vital link for Nairobi residents.
5. Dongo-Kundu Bypass in Mombasa
In Mombasa, the Dongo-Kundu Bypass reduces congestion on the island and enhances access to the mainland. This road, strategically located near the Mombasa port, is critical for freight and commercial activities.
Tolling Models: How It Will Work
The government has outlined two main toll collection methods: Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) and Manual Toll Collection (MTC).
1. Electronic Toll Collection (ETC)
This system uses On-Board Units (OBUs) installed in vehicles. Motorists can pass toll points seamlessly as charges are automatically deducted from prepaid accounts. Benefits of ETC include:
- Reduced wait times.
- Seamless travel without cash transactions.
- Incentives like discounted rates for frequent users.
2. Manual Toll Collection (MTC)
For motorists without OBUs, manual payment options will be available. Drivers can pay tolls using cash or tap-and-go cards at toll booths. While accessible, MTC can lead to delays during peak hours.
The Nairobi Expressway, a successful pilot project, currently employs both systems, providing a practical example of their functionality.
How Much Will Motorists Pay?
While specific toll charges for these highways are yet to be finalized, insights can be drawn from existing projects like the Nairobi Expressway. As of January 2024, the toll rates for this expressway are as follows:
- Mlolongo to Westlands: Ksh 500
- Mlolongo to Southern Bypass: Ksh 330
- Mlolongo to Eastern Bypass: Ksh 250
- Shorter routes (e.g., Syokimau to JKIA): Ksh 170
Toll rates vary depending on the distance traveled and the type of vehicle, with heavier vehicles incurring higher charges.
The government is expected to adopt a similar model for other highways, adjusting rates based on factors like construction costs, maintenance needs, and traffic volumes.
The Role of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
The tolling initiative is part of Kenya’s broader strategy to attract private sector investments through Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). Under PPP agreements, private companies fund infrastructure projects in exchange for the right to collect toll revenue over an agreed period.
Case Study: The Nairobi Expressway
The Nairobi Expressway, developed under a PPP between the Kenyan government and Moja Expressway (a subsidiary of the China Road and Bridge Corporation), is a prime example. This 27-kilometer highway, completed in 2022, has significantly reduced travel times and provided a template for future projects.
Impact on Motorists and the Economy
1. Benefits for Motorists
- Reduced Congestion: Improved road conditions and additional routes will ease traffic jams, particularly during peak hours.
- Time Savings: Efficient travel will save motorists valuable time, enhancing productivity.
- Vehicle Maintenance: Better roads lead to less wear and tear on vehicles.
2. Economic Impact
Tolling highways ensures steady revenue for road maintenance, reducing reliance on external borrowing. Moreover, improved infrastructure attracts local and foreign investment, boosting economic growth.
3. Public Concerns
Despite the benefits, tolling has faced criticism. Many Kenyans view tolls as an additional financial burden, especially when combined with existing fuel levies. To address these concerns, the government has hinted at measures such as:
- Offering discounted rates for frequent road users.
- Ensuring transparency in toll revenue allocation.
- Using tolls exclusively for road maintenance and infrastructure improvements.
Looking Ahead: The Future of Road Financing in Kenya
The reintroduction of tolls marks a shift in Kenya’s approach to financing infrastructure. As urbanization and vehicle ownership continue to grow, sustainable funding mechanisms are essential. By combining toll revenue with other sources like the RMLF, Kenya can address its infrastructure deficit while ensuring long-term road quality.
Read: Kenya’s Tax Revenue Shortfall
FAQs
What is the purpose of tolling highways?
Tolling generates funds for road maintenance, reduces traffic congestion, and supports future infrastructure development.
Which highways will be tolled?
Major highways like Thika Road, Nairobi’s bypasses, and the Dongo-Kundu Bypass in Mombasa are targeted for tolling.
How are toll charges collected?
Toll charges will be collected through Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) and Manual Toll Collection (MTC) systems.
Are there alternatives to toll charges?
While the Road Maintenance Levy Fund supports road financing, it is insufficient to meet the country’s infrastructure needs, making tolls a necessary alternative.
Will tolls replace fuel levies?
No, tolls will complement existing levies, with funds earmarked specifically for road maintenance.
The introduction of toll charges on Nairobi and Mombasa highways is a step toward sustainable road financing in Kenya. While it presents challenges, particularly for motorists, the benefits of improved infrastructure, reduced congestion, and economic growth outweigh the drawbacks. By adopting efficient toll collection methods and ensuring transparency, Kenya can pave the way for a future with world-class road networks.
